牢牢把握正確輿論導向

2009年2月5日星期四

時代雜誌前執行主編WALTER ISAACSON:如何拯救你的報紙

這位大佬的建議很簡單,就是要讓讀者付費,不能再把讀者當大爺免費供養了。如果免費下去,就不會有人再提供新聞產品。我們也是人,要活下去。因此,把每條新聞都拿來賣。是啊,我們要製造暢銷的產品,而不是免費的垃圾。不然,看新聞的人多了,做新聞的死了。

原題:How to Save Your Newspaper

WALTER ISAACSON,CNN前董事長CEO和時代雜誌前執行主編 (圖左)
本文為時代雜誌最新封面文章



During the past few months, the crisis in journalism has reached meltdown proportions. It is now possible to contemplate a time when some major cities will no longer have a newspaper and when magazines and network-news operations will employ no more than a handful of reporters.
There is, however, a striking and somewhat odd fact about this crisis. Newspapers have more readers than ever. Their content, as well as that of newsmagazines and other producers of traditional journalism, is more popular than ever — even (in fact, especially) among young people.
The problem is that fewer of these consumers are paying. Instead, news organizations are merrily giving away their news. According to a Pew Research Center study, a tipping point occurred last year: more people in the U.S. got their news online for free than paid for it by buying newspapers and magazines. Who can blame them? Even an old print junkie like me has quit subscribing to the New York Times, because if it doesn't see fit to charge for its content, I'd feel like a fool paying for it.
This is not a business model that makes sense. Perhaps it appeared to when Web advertising was booming and every half-sentient publisher could pretend to be among the clan who "got it" by chanting the mantra that the ad-supported Web was "the future." But when Web advertising declined in the fourth quarter of 2008, free felt like the future of journalism only in the sense that a steep cliff is the future for a herd of lemmings.
Newspapers and magazines traditionally have had three revenue sources: newsstand sales, subscriptions and advertising. The new business model relies only on the last of these. That makes for a wobbly stool even when the one leg is strong. When it weakens — as countless publishers have seen happen as a result of the recession — the stool can't possibly stand.
Henry Luce, a co-founder of TIME, disdained the notion of giveaway publications that relied solely on ad revenue. He called that formula "morally abhorrent" and also "economically self-defeating." That was because he believed that good journalism required that a publication's primary duty be to its readers, not to its advertisers. In an advertising-only revenue model, the incentive is perverse. It is also self-defeating, because eventually you will weaken your bond with your readers if you do not feel directly dependent on them for your revenue. When a man knows he is to be hanged in a fortnight, Dr. Johnson said, it concentrates his mind wonderfully. Journalism's fortnight is upon us, and I suspect that 2009 will be remembered as the year news organizations realized that further rounds of cost-cutting would not stave off the hangman.
One option for survival being tried by some publications, such as the Christian Science Monitor and the Detroit Free Press, is to eliminate or drastically cut their print editions and focus on their free websites. Others may try to ride out the long winter, hope that their competitors die and pray that they will grab a large enough share of advertising to make a profitable go of it as free sites. That's fine. We need a variety of competing strategies.
These approaches, however, still make a publication completely beholden to its advertisers. So I am hoping that this year will see the dawn of a bold, old idea that will provide yet another option that some news organizations might choose: getting paid by users for the services they provide and the journalism they produce.
This notion of charging for content is an old idea not simply because newspapers and magazines have been doing it for more than four centuries. It's also something they used to do at the dawn of the online era, in the early 1990s. Back then there were a passel of online service companies, such as Prodigy, CompuServe, Delphi and AOL. They used to charge users for the minutes people spent online, and it was naturally in their interest to keep the users online for as long as possible. As a result, good content was valued. When I was in charge of TIME's nascent online-media department back then, every year or so we would play off AOL and CompuServe; one year the bidding for our magazine and bulletin boards reached $1 million.
Then along came tools that made it easier for publications and users to venture onto the open Internet rather than remain in the walled gardens created by the online services. I remember talking to Louis Rossetto, then the editor of Wired, about ways to put our magazines directly online, and we decided that the best strategy was to use the hypertext markup language and transfer protocols that defined the World Wide Web. Wired and TIME made the plunge the same week in 1994, and within a year most other publications had done so as well. We invented things like banner ads that brought in a rising tide of revenue, but the upshot was that we abandoned getting paid for content.
One of history's ironies is that hypertext — an embedded Web link that refers you to another page or site — had been invented by Ted Nelson in the early 1960s with the goal of enabling micropayments for content. He wanted to make sure that the people who created good stuff got rewarded for it. In his vision, all links on a page would facilitate the accrual of small, automatic payments for whatever content was accessed. Instead, the Web got caught up in the ethos that information wants to be free. Others smarter than we were had avoided that trap. For example, when Bill Gates noticed in 1976 that hobbyists were freely sharing Altair BASIC, a code he and his colleagues had written, he sent an open letter to members of the Homebrew Computer Club telling them to stop. "One thing you do is prevent good software from being written," he railed. "Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?"
The easy Internet ad dollars of the late 1990s enticed newspapers and magazines to put all of their content, plus a whole lot of blogs and whistles, onto their websites for free. But the bulk of the ad dollars has ended up flowing to groups that did not actually create much content but instead piggybacked on it: search engines, portals and some aggregators.
Another group that benefits from free journalism is Internet service providers. They get to charge customers $20 to $30 a month for access to the Web's trove of free content and services. As a result, it is not in their interest to facilitate easy ways for media creators to charge for their content. Thus we have a world in which phone companies have accustomed kids to paying up to 20 cents when they send a text message but it seems technologically and psychologically impossible to get people to pay 10 cents for a magazine, newspaper or newscast.
Currently a few newspapers, most notably the Wall Street Journal, charge for their online editions by requiring a monthly subscription. When Rupert Murdoch acquired the Journal, he ruminated publicly about dropping the fee. But Murdoch is, above all, a smart businessman. He took a look at the economics and decided it was lunacy to forgo the revenue — and that was even before the online ad market began contracting. Now his move looks really smart. Paid subscriptions for the Journal's website were up more than 7% in a very gloomy 2008. Plus, he spooked the New York Times into dropping its own halfhearted attempts to get subscription revenue, which were based on the (I think flawed) premise that it should charge for the paper's punditry rather than for its great reporting. (Author's note: After publication the New York Times vehemently denied that their thinking was influenced by outside considerations; I accept their explanation.)
But I don't think that subscriptions will solve everything — nor should they be the only way to charge for content. A person who wants one day's edition of a newspaper or is enticed by a link to an interesting article is rarely going to go through the cost and hassle of signing up for a subscription under today's clunky payment systems. The key to attracting online revenue, I think, is to come up with an iTunes-easy method of micropayment. We need something like digital coins or an E-ZPass digital wallet — a one-click system with a really simple interface that will permit impulse purchases of a newspaper, magazine, article, blog or video for a penny, nickel, dime or whatever the creator chooses to charge.
Admittedly, the Internet is littered with failed micropayment companies. If you remember Flooz, Beenz, CyberCash, Bitpass, Peppercoin and DigiCash, it's probably because you lost money investing in them. Many tracts and blog entries have been written about how the concept can't work because of bad tech or mental transaction costs.
But things have changed. "With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also to the news itself," wrote the savvy New York Times columnist David Carr last month in a column endorsing the idea of paid content. This creates a necessity that ought to be the mother of invention. In addition, our two most creative digital innovators have shown that a pay-per-drink model can work when it's made easy enough: Steve Jobs got music consumers (of all people) comfortable with the concept of paying 99 cents for a tune instead of Napsterizing an entire industry, and Jeff Bezos with his Kindle showed that consumers would buy electronic versions of books, magazines and newspapers if purchases could be done simply. (See Apple's 10 best business moves.)
What Internet payment options are there today? PayPal is the most famous, but it has transaction costs too high for impulse buys of less than a dollar. The denizens of Facebook are embracing systems like Spare Change, which allows them to charge their PayPal accounts or credit cards to get digital currency they can spend in small amounts. Similar services include Bee-Tokens and Tipjoy. Twitter users have Twitpay, which is a micropayment service for the micromessaging set. Gamers have their own digital currencies that can be used for impulse buys during online role-playing games. And real-world commuters are used to gizmos like E-ZPass, which deducts automatically from their prepaid account as they glide through a highway tollbooth.
Under a micropayment system, a newspaper might decide to charge a nickel for an article or a dime for that day's full edition or $2 for a month's worth of Web access. Some surfers would balk, but I suspect most would merrily click through if it were cheap and easy enough.
The system could be used for all forms of media: magazines and blogs, games and apps, TV newscasts and amateur videos, porn pictures and policy monographs, the reports of citizen journalists, recipes of great cooks and songs of garage bands. This would not only offer a lifeline to traditional media outlets but also nourish citizen journalists and bloggers. They have vastly enriched our realms of information and ideas, but most can't make much money at it. As a result, they tend to do it for the ego kick or as a civic contribution. A micropayment system would allow regular folks, the types who have to worry about feeding their families, to supplement their income by doing citizen journalism that is of value to their community.
When I used to go fishing in the bayous of Louisiana as a boy, my friend Thomas would sometimes steal ice from those machines outside gas stations. He had the theory that ice should be free. We didn't reflect much on who would make the ice if it were free, but fortunately we grew out of that phase. Likewise, those who believe that all content should be free should reflect on who will open bureaus in Baghdad or be able to fly off as freelancers to report in Rwanda under such a system.
I say this not because I am "evil," which is the description my daughter slings at those who want to charge for their Web content, music or apps. Instead, I say this because my daughter is very creative, and when she gets older, I want her to get paid for producing really neat stuff rather than come to me for money or decide that it makes more sense to be an investment banker.
I say this, too, because I love journalism. I think it is valuable and should be valued by its consumers. Charging for content forces discipline on journalists: they must produce things that people actually value. I suspect we will find that this necessity is actually liberating. The need to be valued by readers — serving them first and foremost rather than relying solely on advertising revenue — will allow the media once again to set their compass true to what journalism should always be about.

Isaacson, a former managing editor of TIME, is president and CEO of the Aspen Institute and author, most recently, of Einstein: His Life and Universe.

紐約時報:四川大地震可能與大壩有關聯

When the major earthquake struck last May, it originated 3.4 miles from the reservoir. The rupture in the Earth’s crust stretched for 185 miles, initially moving in a direction that Mr. Klose said was consistent with the pressure from the water’s weight

原題:Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake

By SHARON LAFRANIERE,Published: February 5, 2009,紐約時報

BEIJING — Nearly nine months after a devastating earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, left 80,000 people dead or missing, a growing number of American and Chinese scientists are suggesting that the calamity was triggered by a four-year-old reservoir built close to the earthquake’s geological fault line.
A Columbia University scientist who studied the quake has said that it may have been triggered by the weight of 320 million tons of water in the Zipingpu Reservoir less than a mile from a well-known major fault. His conclusions, presented to the American Geophysical Union in December, coincide with a new finding by Chinese geophysicists that the dam caused significant seismic changes before the earthquake.
Scientists emphasize that the link between the dam and the failure of the fault has not been conclusively proved, and that even if the dam acted as a trigger, it would only have hastened a quake that would have occurred at some point.
Nonetheless, any suggestion that a government project played a role in one of the biggest natural disasters in recent Chinese history is likely to be politically explosive.
The issue of government accountability and responsiveness has boiled over in China in the past year. The grieving parents of thousands of schoolchildren killed in the disaster have already made the 7.9-magnitude earthquake a political issue, charging that children died needlessly in unsafe school buildings approved by negligent or corrupt officials.
More public anger erupted last year when the government failed to prevent the sale of tainted milk powder that sickened nearly 300,000 children and killed six.
“Any kind of government-related disaster presently is very, very damaging and politically extremely sensitive,” said Cheng Li, the China research director at the Brookings Institution.
If it is proved that the earthquake “was related to a man-made situation and not just a natural disaster, the government will be very uncomfortable with that kind of report because of the whole issue of government accountability,” Mr. Li said.
Questions about the Zipingpu Dam are especially delicate because China is building many major hydroelectric dams in the southwest, a region which has abundant water resources but is considered prone to earthquakes.
In a petition to the government in July, a group of environmentalists and scholars said the fact that government scientists had underestimated the risk of the May earthquake raised questions about a host of other dams built in the same valley and along five other major rivers, according to an article published by Probe International, an environmental advocacy group. Chinese authorities have steadfastly dismissed any notion that reservoir-building in Sichuan Province placed citizens at any added risk, and they have blocked some Web sites of environmental groups that suggest that dangers have been overlooked.
In a December article in the Chinese magazine Science Times, two scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences strongly denied that the dam played any role in the earthquake. “The earthquake research community outside and inside China has widely accepted the notion that the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake was a huge natural disaster caused by massive crustal movement, because no reservoir triggered-quake with a magnitude eight has ever occurred in history,” said Pan Jiazheng, an expert in hydroengineering, according to a translation published by Probe International.
Scientists generally agree that a reservoir, no matter how big, cannot by itself cause an earthquake. But Leonardo Seeber, a senior scientist with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, said the impact of so much water could hasten an earthquake’s occurrence if geological conditions for a quake already existed. He said the best known example was a 1967 earthquake triggered by the Koyna Dam in a remote area of India, with a magnitude of about 6.5 and a death toll of about 180 people.
Mr. Seeber said that while the link between the Sichuan earthquake and the Zipingpu Dam was not yet proved, work by Christian Klose, a Columbia University researcher specializing in geophysical hazards, suggested the stress caused by the water’s weight might have hastened the quake by a few hundred years.
“It would have occurred anyway,” Mr. Seeber said. “But of course the people who were affected might think the timing is an important difference.”
Mr. Klose estimated that the weight of the water in the Zipingpu reservoir amounted to 25 times the natural stress that tectonic movements exert in a year. The added pressure, he wrote in an abstract to an unpublished study, “resulted in the Beichaun fault coming close to failure.”
Fifty stories tall and big enough to hold more than one billion cubic meters of water, the Zipingpu Dam astride the Minjiang River was billed as one of China’s biggest water control projects.
Officials said the $750 million project, part of a grand plan to develop regions in China’s south and west, would generate 760,000 kilowatts of electricity, irrigate more farmland, help control flooding and provide more water to industries and residents of nearby Chengdu, a city of more than 10 million.
Almost as soon as construction got under way in 2001, one expert, Li Youcai, voiced fears that officials were underplaying the risk of a major earthquake in the region, but government officials rejected his argument, according to an article published last year on China Dialogue, a Web site devoted to environmental news.
Officials allowed the reservoir to fill with water in late 2004. Fan Xiao, a chief engineer with the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau, said that from late 2004 to late 2005, the data showed 730 minor earthquakes, with magnitudes of 3 or less.
When the major earthquake struck last May, it originated 3.4 miles from the reservoir. The rupture in the Earth’s crust stretched for 185 miles, initially moving in a direction that Mr. Klose said was consistent with the pressure from the water’s weight.
Mr. Fan, the chief engineer for the regional geology investigation team, told reporters soon afterward that he believed that the reservoir influenced the timing, magnitude and location of the earthquake.
“The main lesson is that in building these kinds of projects we need to give more consideration to scientific planning and not simply consider the electricity or water or the economic interests,” Mr. Fan said.
The debate reignited in December when two scientists with the China Earthquake Administration and three other researchers published a study in the Chinese journal Seismology and Geology. They concluded only that the weight of the reservoir’s water and diffusion of water from the reservoir below the Earth’s surface “clearly affected the local seismicity” over a period of nearly four years before the fault ruptured.
The Chinese researchers called for further study to see whether the reservoir helped trigger the earthquake. One of them, Du Fang, with the Sichuan Earthquake Administration, said Thursday that it was impossible to know whether the reservoir influenced the earthquake without more research. “The possibility exists,” she said.
Ms. Du said she and other scientists were free to research the issue fully. “We scientists are free to research the topic we proposed, as long as it is worth studying,” she said. “I don’t feel any restrictions on access to the data from the government.”

新聞集團二季度虧損64億美元 下調09年利潤預期

Kathy Shwiff / Nat Worden,華爾街日報

新聞集團(News Corp.)第二財政季度出現淨虧損,因該公司計入84億美元的商譽沖減;儘管該公司旗下有線網路業務利潤增長27%,但其他業務部門利潤普遍走低。
在截至去年12月31日的第二財季中,新聞集團淨虧損64.2億美元,合每股虧損2.45美元,上年同期淨利潤為8.32億美元,合每股收益27美分。不計商譽沖減,當季每股收益為12美分。
該公司當季收入下降8.4%,至78.7億美元。
接受湯森路透(Thomson Reuters)調查的分析師們預計,該公司當季每股收益為19美分,收入為83.9億美元。
新聞集團同時下調了2009財政年度的營運利潤預期。首席財務長David Devoe表示,公司現在預計2009財年經營利潤將較2008財年調整後的51.3億美元下降30%。
新聞集團去年11月份曾預計2009財年營運利潤減少10%-14%。Devoe說,自那以後,經濟形勢和消費者信心都顯著惡化,對該集團的直接影響就是所有以廣告為驅動力的業務都更加疲軟,其中包括本地電視臺、報紙和Fox Interactive,另外福克斯廣播網也受到影響,但程度相對較輕。

我的維多利亞公園

大概4個月前,第一次去了香港。太平山,銅鑼灣,會展中心,維多利亞港,等等,都沒有震撼我。但是,維多利亞公園卻讓我拍攝了最多圖像。東南亞打工群週末在公園裏聚會,遊玩,所彰顯的包容,是上海、北京多無法比擬的。國際化並不是讓殖民地標誌建築熠熠生輝或者在殖民地建築隔江修建現代新城區。你也會在上海街頭遇到許多洋人。可是,如果一座城市,對普通人沒有張開臂膀,她還是深入骨髓的狹隘。東南亞,除了讓你想到美麗海景房,以及美食,還有豪華賭場之外,還會讓你想到恐怖襲擊,想到戰亂,種族衝突。維多利亞公園那些美麗的姑娘,就像行走在自己的國家一樣閒適。她們圍繞在速食,席地而坐,歡聲笑語。她們在中國亭台佈景前拍照留念。旁邊還有便宜的服飾叫賣。廣場中央,還有樂隊高盛歌唱,背後就是“上帝萬能”幾個漢字在高大樓宇屹立。香港員警守衛在門口,可是他們並不打擾這些打工者。他們不像是監視,更像是保護。
維琪百科如此表述:“維多利亞公園於1954年8月開始興建,是戰後首個大型填海工程,該園前身為銅鑼灣避風塘,填海用物料是戰後拆樓所得之建築廢料,並於1957年10月落成啟用。公園建成後避風塘西遷至奇力島對出的海面。
維琪還特別解釋說:“維多利亞公園正門有一個維多利亞女皇銅像。此銅像是為紀念女皇於1897年登基六十周年而鑄造,原先放置於中環皇后像廣場日本侵佔香港期間曾被運送至日本,準備熔化作為軍事材料,尚未動工日本已宣佈投降。後才歸還予香港政府,被安放到新建成的維多利亞公園,置於正門一帶的一個七呎高的基座。
1997年來自中國大陸行為藝術潘星磊用鐵鎚打歪銅像的鼻子和向銅像潑上紅色油漆而被控刑事毀壞。”
順便說一句,維琪才告訴我“此場地全面禁煙”。可是,我好像在公園裏一邊拍照,一邊吸煙。
實際上,不止是在這裏,從銅鑼灣到中環的途中,樓宇之間的廊橋上,都聚集了大量東南亞人休息。在我的思維裏,他們應該是逃難者。可是,當我行走在他們中間,聽到他們的歡笑,感到他們不是逃難,而是幸福地生活在香港。
而今天,我在上海的地鐵上看到有趣的一幕。一位打扮正派,提公事包的中年男人,喝斥一位提攜巨大行囊的男子,很顯然,他以為行囊就代表外地人。結果後者用熟悉的上海腔回應。他們都是上海人。前幾日夜間乘車回家,一車人大多是外地客。他們除了帶有大量行囊。不同的是,他們臉上充滿滄桑,他們的眼神在窗外搜索這個城市的訊息。這種遊離,讓我感到,他們,才是真正的難民。他們逃離故土,然後在這裏受到喝斥。
上海有這麼多的公園,可是,你看到的,都是老者在散步,打牌。許多人大概還記得,奧運期間,北京劃定的特別區域。公園本來就是公共區域,是自由地。維多利亞公園紀念過許多事。我一輩子,都會記得,維多利亞公園旁邊那位女警的微笑。

2009年2月4日星期三

孤立

“如果一個國家既不忍受勞工的移民輸入,也不容忍由國外廉價勞工生產的商品,那麼它就是在走向完全的經濟孤立。”——路德維希·馮·米塞斯《貨幣、方法與市場過程》

2009年2月3日星期二

中青報-冰點:憂思大學

劉東

(一)
  審讀幾部憂患當代大學命運的譯稿時,偏偏趕上國家電視臺的哪個頻道,也正連篇累牘地播放著宣傳國外知名學府的系列節目——照例是一路的天花亂墜,仿佛下界仰望著天國。
  這種漫無邊際的追捧,首先引起我關注的還不是它那骨子裏迎合了強烈牟利動機的“學店”做派,而是裝潢在其表面的、很少引起公眾懷疑的神聖性。就沖這種煞有介事的神聖性,我簡直有些不忍地念及:在這個空空如也的時代、這個無所遮蔽的世道,就別再去撕破家長們僅存的虔誠了吧?試想,除了大學、重點大學乃至於海外著名大學這種拾級而上的現代殿堂,他們還能想出什麼更莊嚴的所在,來砥礪自家小孩子苦其心志呢?
  我甚至還願意寬容地理解:在大眾的心理中,大學這般地受到迷信,又不光因其在理想的維度中,曾經充填了少年時代的童稚幻想,還更因其在現實的層面中,往往構成了人生履歷的實際轉折。借助於現代高等教育機構跟整個社會權力結構的共謀關係,任何一個躍過這道龍門的人,都有可能得到一次真正的提拔,從此好官得做,駿馬任騎。正因為如此,一代又一代的校友們,天然地就會充當母校的終身粉絲,這裏既有心理學的基礎,也有社會學的考量。
  要是事情僅限於此,一切都還算罷了。不過,要是這類神話並非來自大眾傳媒,而是來自我們學院的內部,把一個尋常吃喝拉撒的所在,說成是“到處鶯歌燕舞”的廟堂,那就叫人很難忍受了。正好比遭遇到一位私心過重的寺院住持,老在那裏不遺餘力地公關,煽動別人往自己的荷包裏進香。尤其是,一旦談到海外的名牌大學,最怕的就是那些學成(甚至半成)歸來的留學生,學著母校招生手冊的宣傳口徑,把別人的往好裏說也只是指望將來能夠實現的目標,鼓吹成了板上釘釘的事實。由此一來,僅僅因為個別人物對於蠅頭小利的貪圖,而揣著明白裝糊塗,整個的改革方向就被弄得模糊不清了。
  孩子們長大後自會曉得:即使出息成了大學教授,也很難一味清高地過活,仍要身陷於章魚吸盤般的體制中,仍要屬於吃拿官餉的工薪階層。由此說來,如果只從利己的立場算計,既然在俗常的神話中,這高樓深院已被說得仙境一般,那麼索性假冒一回得道的神仙,而樂得自在快活,又有何妨?正是緣此,我們才可以理解,為什麼在國內的書市上,到處都充斥著宣揚大學之道、大學理念、大學作為之類的豪邁圖書。那些作者的口氣,總顯得那麼成竹在胸——把胸口挺得滿滿當當,連半點兒困惑也裝不下了!
  然而,儘管不能全然自由漂浮,大學教授作為知識份子,總還要保留以批判為業的一面罷?否則這個階層就會徹底淪為社會的盲腸,就會變得生不如死。正因為這一點,只要稍微環顧一下海外的書市,我們就不難發現,恰恰是圍繞著作為大眾神話的高等教育,特別是那些被吹得神乎其神的國際知名學府,我們的海外同行,反而發出了廣泛而持續的批判。
  具有諷刺意味的是,哈佛大學前校長德里克·博克的一本近著,英文標題原為《我們未盡潛能的學院》(Our Underachieving Colleges),沒承想這本書的中譯本,或是受思想慣性的制約,又把它硬改成《回歸大學之道》,不光連一個字都沒有對上,反把作者原有的一層檢討的意思,粉飾得乾乾淨淨,足見所謂“大學之道”的套話,竟是何等的頑固,何等的媚俗,何等的誤導!
  我們在國外的同行,並沒有習慣於這麼可著勁兒自吹。恰恰相反,他們乾脆就恥于宣喻什麼“大學之道”,而寧可“賣瓜的不說瓜甜”,徑直表達出心中的“大學之憂”。說到這裏,我們就真該相互對照一下了:究竟哪邊的情況才稍屬正常一點?總聽見人們嚷嚷著,要學習國際先進文化,要爭創國際一流大學,怎麼沒見到先在廣開言路方面,引進一點國外校園裏不可或缺的活躍風氣?
  幸而,我們在思想的寬容度上,總算還保有一個例外——那還要數我目前任教的這所學校。拜民初流傳下來的(雖已相當殘缺的)傳統之賜,如今大約也只有在這所學校裏,要是你果真感到了刺痛,才敢扯著嗓子真把傷害給喊出來。眼下回想起來,6年前那場有關北大改革的爭論,看似“說了也白說 ”,卻並不是毫無遺產的:它就此啟動了有關大學命運的普遍憂思。以往,大學裏的種種規則和潛規則,打我們來此求學的第一天起,就被視作了天經地義,正所謂理解的要執行、不理解的也要執行;即使後來畢生留存於此,做了一輩子的學術研究,大家好像也未曾想到,要把它本身當做批判研究的物件。可自那以後,正如只有在嚴重污染的大氣中,周遭的空氣才更被關切一樣,人們逐漸被驚醒了——發現必須睜大眼睛,去警惕種種恣意亂來的改革!
  真的,當今多數的敗家行為,都是打著“改革”旗號來進行的。這不由使人回想起,其實當年把reform一詞譯成“改良”時,這個字眼還受到過激進主義的猛烈批判。可晚近以來,在主流意識形態支配下,這個詞的中文對稱,天然就屬於政治正確,只能意味著“改良”或“改好”。而殊不知,所謂reform,無非意味著人為追求的某種“變遷”,其本身並不曾蘊含價值前提。所以,如果從其歷史後效來判斷,人們的“改革”行為,的確是既有可能“ 改良”,也有可能“改壞”和“改劣”的。說穿了,如果這種行為從一開始就定錯了目標,或者更有甚者,如果這種行為從一開始就沒有定下目標,只是隨波逐流地走一步算一步,那是完全有可能“摸著石頭過不了河”的!
  我曾撰寫過一篇《保護大學生態》,因為忍不住要向人們提醒:決不可只顧兜售經濟學的“叢林原則”,而毒化了校園裏超越功利的研討氛圍。
  還是那位哈佛大學前校長德里克·博克,他曾經當做黑色幽默構想出來一串噩夢:
  當我請求至少可以解決我們的財政困難的方案時,我的金融家校友帶回給我一個大膽的想法。他說,我應當允許各公司(出價)在哈佛做廣告,將公司的標識打上教學大綱和教材,在教室裏張貼廣告,在商學院的工作日程中向入學學生進行推銷,並把經商活動囊括到我們所有的電視或網路課程中。我由於害怕引起資深教授造反而回絕了這項建議,我的財務顧問對此顯然很惱怒。不過,第二天夜裏他又回來了,帶來了一個最終的建議,以免我由於未能及時還貸而在公眾面前丟臉。他說,我只需這麼做——同意取消最後100名哈佛本科生的入學資格,改把它們拍賣給出價最高的人。
  如今翻著往日留下的書簽去檢索這段引文,我才發覺,在我們大家的日常經驗中,沿著市場原教旨主義的邏輯,噩夢和現實的邊界已經相當模糊了,比如前些時爆出的浙大教授包偉民由於交不起“助研經費”而放棄招收博士生的故事,其荒唐的程度就絕對不下於這個噩夢。

(二)
  在《保護大學生態》那篇文章中,我曾經表達過某種守舊情調:“我在這裏要一反俗見地進行提醒:其實比任何改革都更加要緊的是,(北大)這所學校首先需要的毋寧是保守,是對於傳統學術生態的最為精心的環境保護!”
  的確,懷舊本身就有可能是一種力量,例如無論在什麼時候,在任何情況下,只要在這所校園裏提到蔡元培的名字,都至少會感到一種制衡。不過,此後的事態發展,以及伴隨著這些事態而來的、不厭其煩卻又於事無補的老生常談,卻又在另一方面提醒了我——我們必須警惕這樣的陷阱:一旦談論起大學來,哪怕姿態最激進的學者,都會隨手掏出一套喋喋不休的懷舊說辭來,似乎這種教育機構最初在理性的設計下,確曾享有過某種莫須有的黃金歲月,而此後便只能是無可挽回的墮落了。
  尤其在所謂“大學理念”的問題上,情況更加嚴重。大家早已見慣不怪的是,一旦談論起大學來,即使是那些自稱從沒把自由主義價值放在眼裏的學者,也馬上要祭起所謂 liberal education 的大旗,而忘了無論借著它的歷史語境而把這個英文表達發揮成“博雅教育”還是“通識教育”,其實都掩蓋不了它最原初最結實的本意——“自由教育”。同樣諷刺的是,一旦談論起大學來,即使是那些自稱最反感抗拒西方霸權的學者,也馬上要端出約翰·紐曼的“大學理念”來,而忘了那位英國紅衣主教原本只認定大學的使命是要在羅馬天主教的精神之內提供知識,故而預埋了強烈而褊狹的西方文化之根。“ 文明”對紐曼而言,幾乎沒有超出地中海世界的疆域與文化。
  從思想方法上說,凡此種種都顯然是忽略了下述要害:西方文明的演進史,包括其不斷演變的教育史,究竟是一種開放的、偶發的和多元的進路,還是僅僅為某種恒准單一之理念的前定展開?從而,liberal education究竟是從創世紀之初,就已然先行確立的普適恒常的文明理式,還是經過長期歷史鬥爭和利益博弈才產生出來的解決方案?進而,考慮到不斷分工、科層和分化的人類現狀,以及施行liberal education的昂貴成本,這種教育究竟是普適於整個社會還是專屬於紳士階層?最後,儘管這種自由教育看起來似乎相當靠近西方的理想,但它自身究竟還有沒有被哪怕是揚棄式發展的餘地?……
  正因為這樣,必須警惕這樣一種本質主義的傾向:一旦談論起大學,總是貪圖省事不假思索地以不變應萬變——誤以為只要從西方文明的源頭略加尋索,就准能在那裏找到必然預製好的萬應良藥來;甚至,即使很顯然當代西方本身在教育實踐中已經把那些理念棄而不用了,也仍然刻舟求劍地認為:只要能堅持表現得比西方還要西方,就一定會醫治好當代中國的大學。
  就像一個黑漆漆的三岔口,人們甚至都不打算弄清挑戰來自何方,就擺出招式伸出拳腳想要應戰。也就是說,他們根本沒有認真考察過別人究竟遭遇到了怎樣的當代憂慮,以及究竟是沿著什麼樣的歷史線索,才引發出了今天的這番憂慮,就基於其先入為主的西學崇拜,而張揚起別人已被瓦解的早年理想了——充其量到頭來也再只能基於這種遙遠的理想,捎帶著也埋怨一下莫明其妙的西方竟也能今不如昔。這樣隔靴搔癢的空疏議論,姑妄聽之也就罷了,要是真想用來祛疾伐病,那還不耽誤了大事!

(三)
  在我看來,與其從西方的圖書中引進迂遠的“大學之道”,倒不如從中引進切近的“大學之憂”。首先要談的是克拉克·克爾的《大學之用》(The Uses of the University)。加州大學前校長的這本書,數十年中不斷地翻印,至2003年已是第五版,在美國的大學史中既可以算作名聲最壞的箭靶,又可以算作最繞不過去的路碑。
  此書的歷史描述中,分別以現代大學演變的三個階段,來對應其存在狀態的三種模式——也即早先的英國模式、此後的德國模式,和晚近的美國模式;或者乾脆不妨說,是近代的紐曼模式、現代的洪堡模式,和當代的克爾模式。
  把“大學的理念”表達得最好的或許是紅衣主教紐曼在一個多世紀以前從事建立都柏林大學時所說的話。他的觀點反映了當時他所在的牛津大學。紅衣主教紐曼寫道,一個大學是“一切知識與科學、事實與原則、探究與發現、實驗與思辨的至高保護力;它劃出才智的領域,使任何一方既不侵犯也不投降。”他贊成“博雅知識”(liberal knowledge),說有用的知識是“一堆糟粕”。
  這種高雅的信條對我們來說,儘管從未普遍施行過,卻是最為耳熟能詳的。我們甚至不難猜想,當蔡元培把大學定義為“研究高深學問者也 ”時,當他認定“治學者可謂之‘大學’,治術者可謂之‘高等專門學校’”時,當他把原屬北大的工科放逐到北洋大學時,我們的老校長心中念茲在茲的,大體上也正是類似的理念。也許正因為這樣,如今在坊間才會到處都在復述它的教義,覺得這反正是最不會出錯的。然而卻沒想到,克爾旋即就向我們指出,恰在紐曼以其熟知的牛津大學為底本,美輪美奐地描繪著大學的英國模式的同時,這種模式實則已經行將被德國模式覆蓋了:
  很清楚,1930年時“大學已經發生了深遠的變化——通常朝著它們所參與的社會演變的方向。”這種演變使系科成為大學,出現新的系科;越來越多的研究所出現了;成立了巨大的研究型圖書館;把進行思索的哲學家變成實驗室裏或者圖書館書庫裏的研究者;從專業人員手裏取來的藥物交給科學家之手;等等。不是關心學生個體,而是關注社會的需要,不是紐曼的“自然規律的永恆真實性”,而是新事物的發現;不是多面手,而是專門家。在弗萊克納斯的話裏,大學成為“一個有意識地致力於追求知識、解決問題、鑒別成就以及培訓真正高水準人才的機構”。一個人不再可能“精通一切”——紐曼的萬能通才人物一去不復返了。
  如果你願意堅守原有的價值,當然有理由指斥這種變異,認為它不是上升反而是墜落,偏離了通識教育的樹人方向。不過,歷史無可爭辯的另一面卻是,德國的國力居然因此而大大增強了。正如哈佛文理學院前院長柯偉林最近在一篇文章中所描述的:“在大約一個世紀之前,當中國著手放棄那個遲至十八世紀仍被西方人看做是使中國成為教化大國和啟蒙先鋒的古代科舉制度的時候,幾乎所有世界上的頂尖大學都在德國,它們是德國十九世紀偉大高等教育改革的產物。”
  尤有甚者,歷史之江河日下的變化速率,還有更加教人瞠目結舌的:接下來克爾又筆鋒一轉,充滿戲劇性地指出——“正當弗萊克斯納寫到‘現代大學’的時候,它卻又不存在了。洪堡的柏林大學正在被玷污,就像柏林大學曾經玷污牛津大學的靈魂那樣!”
  到了1930年,美國的大學已經遠遠脫離了弗萊克斯納的“以文理科研究生院為中心的、有堅實專科學院(在美國主要是醫學院和法學院)及某些研究所”的“現代大學”。它們正越來越不像“真正的大學”——所謂“真正的大學”,弗萊克斯納指的是“一種以崇高的、明確的宗旨和以精神與目的的統一位元元特點的機體。當弗萊克斯納在1930年寫到“現代大學”時,現代大學已經幾乎死亡,就像老牛津大學在1852年被紐曼理想化時那樣。歷史發展快於觀察家的手筆。古代經典和神學以及德國的哲學家和科學家都不能為真正現代的大學——巨型大學(multiversity)——定下調子。
  上文中的multiversity一詞,據說是克爾自創的說法,曾在中文裏被譯為巨型大學、多科大學、多元化巨型大學,甚至是綜集大學,似乎都還嫌不夠到位。不過,這裏至少可以借助實際執掌過大學的香港學者金耀基的大段綜述,來大體把握這種multiversity的基本特徵:
  當代的美國大學,如克爾所指出,早已越出了德、英的模式,而發展出自我的性格。美國的大學狂熱地求新,求適應社會之變,求趕上時代,大學已經徹底地參與社會中去。由於知識的爆炸及社會各業發展對知識之倚賴與需要,大學已成為“知識工業”(knowledge industry)之重地。學術與市場已經結合,大學已自覺不自覺地成為社會的“服務站”。象牙塔內與象牙塔外的界線越來越淡漠,甚至泯滅了。大學內部則學生可以多達五六萬,甚至十萬以上;學術之專化更是驚人,如整個加州大學課程之多竟達一萬門之數,不但隔行如隔山,即使同行的人也是無法作有意義的交流。而教授之用心著力所在多系研究,教學則越來越被忽視。教授的忠誠物件已不是大學,毋寧是支持他研究的福特基金會、西屋公司或華盛頓。一個教授所關心的不是他隔壁他行的同事的評價,而是其他大學乃至其他國家的大學的同行的評價。大學越來越大,越來越複雜,它的成員已不限於傳統的教師、行政人員和學生,還包括許多“非教師”的教學人員(如研究教授),它的組織已不止限於學院(faculty)、書院(college),還包括無數的研究中心、出版社、交換計畫中心……它的活動已不止限於研究、教學,還包括對外的諮詢,與國外的合作(加州大學的研究計畫涉及五十幾個國家)等等。總之,在數量、組織、成員、活動各方面,今日美國的大學與以前的大學已大大不同。這種大學的理念及性格與紐曼的構想固然相去十萬八千里,與弗萊克斯納、雅斯貝爾斯的構想也迥然有別。克爾認為紐曼心目中的大學只是一“鄉村”,弗萊克斯納心目中的大學也只是一“市鎮”,而當代的大學則是一五光十色的“城市”了。(金耀基:《大學之理念》)
  這不是更加禮崩樂壞,更加雜亂無序,更加不成體統了麼?只要願意,你當然也有理由這麼說。然而你同樣要留意,明擺著的另一面卻又是,就在它們焚琴煮鶴地捨棄了如此可愛的“魚”的同時,務求實用效果的當代美國大學,偏又令人豔羨地抓到了如此可欲的“熊掌”!讓我們再來聽聽每年公佈的諾貝爾獎名單,查查每年發表的全球大學排行榜,數數擁有各個學科之頂尖教授的數量,看看過江之鯽一般排在使館前等待簽證的留美預備生,瞧瞧美國名牌大學所能提供的校園、設備和待遇……,又有哪一樣不讓別國的大學校長眼紅得出血?由此你總應該平心地承認,哪怕所有這些成功都有局限,所有這些獲得都要付出代價,但成功終歸還要屬於成功罷?
  再來盤點一下如此令人目眩的變遷。克爾筆下那個與傳統指向漸行漸遠的鐘擺,大約是劃出了這樣的偏轉弧線:
  重心究竟在於培養學生——還是由教師進行研究示範?
  學生究竟應當被教導成完人——還是被培訓成技術性專才?
  範圍究竟要旁及到博雅通識——還是鎖定在偏科發展?
  檢驗標準究竟是教學效果——還是承攬科研專案的數目?
  教授地位取決於學術水準——還是資金募集的能力?
  氛圍究竟應當儘量超脫——還是鼓勵功利與實用?
  校園究竟應當單純而寂靜——還是顯得嘈雜而活躍?
  規模究竟應當有所控制——還是能發展多大就多大?
  學校究竟屬於有機社群——還是雜糅而成的知識集市?
  大學究竟應當儘量自治——還是密切聯繫國家與財團?
  辦學究竟突出科技發明——還是倚重歷史與人文底蘊?
  教師應像個探索型的學究——還是管理型的知識老闆?
  校長應做個學術人格的楷模——還是掌管知識機器的官僚?
  應該基於理念去因應外部變化——還是根據外部變化來調適理念?
  有趣的是,不管讀者是否喜歡這些變化,他們總有可能發現,其實這種似曾相識的滑落,正是每天都發生在自己身邊的事情。的確,我在這裏也很願意坦率地承認:諸如此類的歸納總結,也不光是閱讀和出訪的結果,還同樣參驗了切近的事實。這也就意味著,儘管召喚“大學理念”的呼聲向來都未絕於耳,然而中國大學的實際發展軌跡,卻偏偏是朝著這個老鼠過街的方向伸延的!
  那麼,事態為什麼發展得如此無奈?大學的船隊何以會在所有船員都為之驚呼的情況下,仍然駛往那個由克爾率先發現的、可人人都並不想去的方向?其根本的原因,當然還在洶湧於船下的現代化激流。肇始于西方、波及於全球的現代性生活方式,正未有窮期地增強著全世界的社會整合。由此,西方的大學從它的英國模式,一變而為德國模式,再變而為美國模式,並且步步進逼地一再要求非西方國家拷貝它,這本身就是現代性的徵兆之一,本身就相當符合現代生活的自身邏輯。如果在由現代消費激發出來的無邊物欲的推動下,知識僅僅被看做一種力量,而且科技知識則又被看做第一生產力,那麼,大學作為知識的重鎮就勢必要被轉化成這種生產力的關鍵組成部分。由此可見,只要現代性的生活形式繼續在主宰我們,傳統的大學形式就勢必會被不斷地突破,直到它發展為美國式的巨型大學,乃至比這種巨型大學還要龐雜的、更加無以名之的大學,以便能夠裝填入新的能量、呼喚出新的產出,哪怕大學的肚子終將因為過多地吞噬而被撐破!
  由此可見,儘管對於通識教育的茫然籲求,無論在美國還是在中國,至少也還不無部分的平衡作用,然而說穿了,如果對這種英國紳士派頭的熱衷,只不過是出於某種盲人瞎馬的激情,或者說得具體點兒,只不過是出於國際大學排行榜上的壓力,或者創建所謂“世界一流大學”的動力,那麼,這就是在做一件自相矛盾的事,就是在南轅北轍地白費勁兒!在我看來,在當下的緊迫國際情勢下,既然也只有指望在現代化的急行軍中,借助於民族國家的強大整合力量,來既發展大學本身的事業,也轉而回饋出更大的國際競爭力,那麼,中國的大學——特別是它的頂尖大學——就不可避免地將要變形再變形,即使這種蛻變的歷程充滿陣痛和爭議。由此說來,對於當今大學的實際操作者而言,與其去設定一個明知不能實現的空洞目標,倒不如實實在在地向公眾講明:至少從這個歷史時期來看,這是我們必須承受的苦痛。

(四)
  不妨再來看看所謂“一流大學”這個流行的概念。加拿大蒙特利爾大學教授比爾·雷丁斯在其所著《廢墟中的大學》(The university in Ruins)一書中,充滿洞見地對“一流大學”進行了批判性的揭示。
  跟克爾筆下那頭惹得人人生厭的巨怪(所謂“巨型大學”)不同,人們或許要問,怎麼“一流大學”又招誰惹誰了?瞧我們現在,校方不正是在把“爭創一流”當做軍令狀麼?部裏不正是把“是否入流”當做驗查標準麼?
  原來,按照雷丁斯的說法,在一切堅固之物皆已煙消雲散的今天,“一流”這個空洞的說法之所以會被推行為普遍的標準,逼使各大學乃至各系科都爭相向它靠近,恰恰是因為這個標準,掏開一看根本就是空空如也的!“一流不是一個確定的判斷標準,而是一個尺度,它的意義依附於其他事物。用一流飛機的標準評價一隻一流的小船,這小船就稱不上一流。所以,說一流是個標準就等於說,委員會決不會出臺用於評價的標準”。
  雷丁斯還形容說,“一流”這樣一個空洞的能指,在一個封閉的範圍裏實際起到了貨幣單位的作用。這便使我們領悟到,惟其當一個驗查標準的內涵趨於無窮小時,它的外延才可能趨於無窮大,才有可能囊括天下萬物,從而在林林總總的本國大學之間,進而在更加千差萬別的各國大學之間,建立起抽象的虛擬的量化可比性。由此就乾脆讓我們滿足一下好奇心吧:看看如此煎熬各國校長的大學排名,到底是怎樣炮製出來的:
  一流是通用的等級標準。由各種不同的內容所做的各種分類,如學生類型、班級的大小、資金情況、館藏量等,都可放到一起,用一流這個唯一的標準來衡量。……學生類型的劃分標準是入學分數(越高越好)、學習過程中每學年的平均分數(越高越好)、非本州學生的數量(多為好)、標準時間期限內畢業率(達到正常標準是好事)。班級的大小和品質是以師生比(應該低)和終身制教師與兼職或研究生助教(應該高)的比例為標準。對教師隊伍的評價是看具有博士學位的數量、獲獎者的數量、獲得聯邦獎金的數量和次數,所有這些都被認為是價值的標誌。“資金” 類評價是以大學財政是否健康為標準,如用於日常費用、學生服務和獎學金支出的預算的比例是否合理。館藏量是以學生人均佔有圖書量、大學財政預算裏圖書館所占的百分比以及圖書館預算中用於購買新書的比例為標準。最後一項是聲望,它把本校校友進入高級大學官員調查表的數量和在加拿大各大型公司擔任首席執行官的數量結合起來作為衡量標準。一流的最終標準是把各個數位的比例結合起來:學生占20%,班級的大小占18%,教師占20%,資金占10%,圖書館占 12%,聲望占20%。
  然而,如此機械死板的“通分”方式,或者說,如此誘惑人們去大做表面文章的量化標準,到底能在多大程度上照顧到各大學的實際長短呢?比如,考慮到當今圖書市場和答辯會場的種種病態,我們不禁要問:如果一所大學新近購置的圖書大多都是印刷垃圾怎麼辦?如果一所大學由於片面追求教師的 “博士率”而招納了大量的庸才又怎麼辦?再比如,對比一下被公認為中華民族之光的西南聯大,我們又不禁要問:那一所如果根據上述標準無疑要敬陪末座的戰時大學,究竟是應當本身感到無地自容呢,還是反過來認為,這種形式主義排行榜的設計者應該下課?
  基於一連串的追問,雷丁斯深懷激憤地寫道,如果大學在市場的壓力下,完全屈從於這種來自“一流”標準的量化,那它就跟尋常企業再沒什麼兩樣了,而它的學生也不再是傳統意義上的求學者,而只是光臨“學店”的現代顧客。同樣,如果大學在排行榜的壓力下,一門心思去攀爬朝向“一流”的階梯,這個空洞的標準也會逐漸抽空大學的內涵,直至世間壓根兒就不再有大學這回事!
  當代的大學究竟何以淪落至此呢?按照雷丁斯的邏輯,似乎並不難於料想,他大概會沿著其獨特的理路——康得的理性概念、洪堡的文化概念、現在的爭創一流的技術——官僚體系觀念,這一“大學三段論”去追根溯源,把大學衰敗的原因歸咎於民族國家與民族文化的式微。
  這樣的判斷固然有作者的觀察作為支撐,他也明確提示過自己觀察範圍的局限性(“我關注的是西方某種關於大學的觀念”)。可即使這樣,我還是忍不住要多說一句:雷丁斯肯定是沒能把中國的情況考慮在內!事實上,正如中國體育界剛剛震驚世界的“金牌戰略”一樣,同樣在“爭創一流”的中國大學教育,其表現剛好跟雷丁斯的概括擦肩而過:反而是民族國家整合能力的加強——而非它的衰落——才會作為難以抗拒的動力,來強力推行“一流大學”的模式,並就此催生出各種各樣千奇百怪的資料報表來,而且還通過這種勢必要忽略內容差異的量化形式,來加速滌除各個學校在歷史中形成的任何特色或特長。

(五)
  在這個世界上,既存在著專屬於校長們的大學形象,那很可能表現為施展抱負的舞臺,或者無非是個官位的基座;也存在著專屬於教授們的大學形象,那很可能表現為追求理念的階梯,或者僅僅是個頤養天年的飯碗;更存在著專屬於學生們的大學形象,那很可能表現為精神的煉獄,或者僅僅是個混得學位的樂園;甚至,還存在著專屬於落榜考生的大學形象,乃至落榜考生家長的大學形象;甚至,還存在著專屬於回憶者的大學形象,乃至歷史學家的大學形象;甚至,還存在著專屬於西方的大學形象,乃至各個非西方文明的大學形象……
  作為一位教授,特別是一位人文學科的教授,儘管已經明確意識到了自身的局限性,我還要再重申一下個人的關切要點。大學功能的多元化和開放性,使得人們在步入大學之後,除了有可能被精神的向度所感召,當然也有可能被其他東西所幹擾。而在所有的幹擾之中,又有兩種叢林原則最容易遮蔽住夢想,其一是學院政治,其二是學院經濟。意識到這種嚴酷的現實,那當然不是什麼罪過,它還有可能幫你在並非天堂的環境中,活得更清醒更踏實。不過,要是你由此就誤以為,其實大學機構的全部意義,也都大抵不出此類政治或經濟活動,那你就註定要買櫝還珠,註定要白來大學一遭,註定要虛擲自己的生命。無論如何,人類文明之所以要設計和維護大學這樣一種文化形式,畢竟還是因為人類自有其精神的追求,所以說到底,只要大學還不甘心退化成可有可無的盲腸,那麼它與其說是在受到叢林原則的無情制約,倒不如說它是在殘酷的叢林中仍然堅持維護著人類的尊嚴。

2009年2月2日星期一

地震維權人士黃琦被指控洩露國家機密

China Rights Advocate Who Tried to Aid Quake Victims’ Parents Faces Trial
By EDWARD WONG Published: February 2, 2009,紐約時報

BEIJING — A human rights advocate who tried to help grieving parents push for an official investigation into a school that collapsed during May’s earthquake in Sichuan Province has been charged with illegal possession of state secrets, a legal step Chinese officials take when they intend to punish a dissident.
The advocate, Huang Qi, runs an informal organization called the Tianwang Human Rights Center in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, in southwest China.
Mr. Huang’s wife, Zeng Li, said she was told Monday morning of the charge against her husband and that a closed-door trial would be held on Tuesday. She later said that a judge called her at 6 p.m. to say the trial had been postponed indefinitely, possibly because several foreign news organizations had run articles about the charge on their Web sites.
People charged with “illegal possession of state secrets” have little hope of defending themselves in the court system, which operates under Communist Party control. The official definition of secrets is broad and flexible, and can be applied to widely available government documents or even reports published by state-run media. The exact secret involved is rarely revealed.
The charge is used often enough to punish people who have challenged the authorities that some human rights advocates consider allegations of illegally possessing or revealing state secrets the equivalent of a political offense under Mao.
Mr. Huang was detained on June 10 after posting an article on his center’s Web site, 64tianwang.com, relating the demands of five parents whose children had died in the collapse of Dongqi Middle School in the town of Hanwang. The parents wanted compensation, an investigation into the school’s construction and the responsible parties to be held accountable if fault was found.
Thousands of rooms in school buildings and dormitories collapsed across Sichuan and surrounding provinces during the May 12 quake. The government estimated soon after the quake that as many as 10,000 children might have been killed in the schools. In many cases, school buildings collapsed as buildings around them remained standing, raising questions about the possibility of shoddy construction.
Parents took to the streets demanding that the government investigate, presenting a sustained political challenge to local officials. Local officials ordered the police to tamp down the protests. In some cases, police officers in riot gear dragged away crying mothers who were clutching framed photos of their dead children. Later, officials offered parents money in exchange for their agreeing in writing to drop any demands for investigations.
Mr. Huang has been held without being indicted. Ms. Zeng said that plainclothes policemen had bundled him into a car. The police later told her he was being held on suspicion of illegally possessing state secrets.
On Monday, she said in a telephone interview that the Wuhou District People’s Court in Chengdu called her to tell her of the formal charge and an imminent trial, which she said she was told could start Tuesday. But one of his lawyers, Mo Shaoping, a prominent human rights attorney, argued that the sudden announcement of the trial date gave him too little time to prepare.
Ms. Zeng, who was not allowed to see her husband for nearly four months, said that the judge who had called her at 6 p.m. to tell her about the delay of the trial had said that the purpose of the postponement was to “safeguard Huang Qi’s legal rights.”
On Monday morning, she said the court had asked her for a telephone number to reach a lawyer. “I argued with them because I didn’t believe they didn’t have the lawyer’s contact information,” she said. Calls made to the chief judge of the court were not answered on Monday.
Illegal possession of state secrets, which carries a sentence of three years in prison, is difficult to defend against because lawyers, family members and witnesses all have limited access to the evidence in the case. If the bureaucracy that oversees state secrets certifies that information or a document in possession of the accused amounts to a secret, a conviction is generally a foregone conclusion unless higher authorities intervene to quash the case.
“There’s an expansive definition of state secrets, and the problem is it cannot be challenged, and very often the courts don’t see the documents that are allegedly state secrets,” said Nicholas Bequelin, a China researcher for Human Rights Watch.
Mr. Huang and Ms. Zeng started their human rights organization in 1998 to focus on human trafficking. In 2000, after Mr. Huang wrote on his Web site about a member of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement who had been beaten to death in policy custody, the local police blocked his site. Mr. Huang then moved his content to a server in the United States. He later wrote about a 15-year-old boy who was detained in Chengdu during the 1989 student-led protests in Beijing and died in police custody.
The police detained Mr. Huang after that, and a court eventually found him guilty of inciting subversion. He was sentenced to five years in prison. When he got out, he restarted his Web site and asked human rights advocates to contribute articles.

普京的危機:鎮壓或者倒臺

“垂直的權力系統缺乏靈活性,這些官僚即使面臨小狀況,也要獲悉莫斯科反應後才能做決定。這是個大威脅。對普京非常危險。”

Hard times in Russia spell trouble for Putin
By Clifford J. Levy Published: February 1, 2009,國際先驅論壇報



MOSCOW: Over the last eight years, as Vladimir Putin has amassed ever more power, Russians have often responded with a collective shrug, as if to say: Go ahead, control everything - as long as we can have our new cars and amply stocked supermarkets, our sturdy ruble and cheap vacations in the Turkish sun.
But now the worldwide financial crisis is abruptly ending an oil-driven economic boom here, and the unspoken contract between Putin and his people is being thrown into doubt. In newspaper articles, among political analysts, even in corners of the Kremlin, questions can be heard.
Will Russians admire Putin as much when oil is at $40 a barrel as they did when it was at $140 a barrel? And if Russia's economy seriously falters, will his system of hard, personal power prove to be a trap for him? Can it relieve public anger, and can he escape the blame?
"We talk about a lack of democracy in Russia, but I like my own formula for the country, which is authoritarianism with the consent of the governed," said Dmitri Trenin, director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. "And it can be taken away."
"The present rulers know that they will not be toppled by Kasparov," Trenin continued, referring to Garry Kasparov, the former chess champion whose political challenges to Putin can seem quixotic. "But if the working people of Russia decide that they have had enough, that will be the end of it. It happened to Gorbachev, and it almost happened to Yeltsin."
Few are predicting Putin's downfall anytime soon, especially considering how methodically he has undermined the opposition. Many Russians believe he rescued them from the misery of the 1990s, and the polls say his popularity remains very high.
But those polls also show his popularity slipping a bit, amid far darker indicators. The unemployment rate is soaring, banks are failing and the ruble has dropped so fast in value that Russians are again hiding their money in U.S. dollars in their apartments. Sporadic protests have broken out as some factories close or cut production.
For now, the Kremlin is desperately spending down the hundreds of billions of dollars in reserves that it put away in good times, all the while trying to quell comparisons with Russia's economic meltdown in 1998, when the government, under Boris Yeltsin, defaulted on its debt.
Putin, the current prime minister and former president, and his protégé, President Dmitri Medvedev, try to assure the people that they are addressing their pain. Yet Putin has created a government so highly centralized and so resistant to criticism that it is unclear whether it can respond adeptly to rising dissatisfaction.
At all levels, government officials are unaccustomed to vying in contested elections, let alone to reaching out for popular support or trying to get a feel for grass-roots sentiment.
Parliament is essentially an arm of the Kremlin and Putin has done away with the election of regional governors, who are now presidential appointees. The structure is known here as Putin's vertical system of power - decisions emanate from the very top, then are passed down to regional and finally local officials.
Aleksandr Auzan, an economist and board member at a research institute set up by Medvedev, said that in the Putin system, "there is not a relationship between the authorities and the people through Parliament or through nonprofit organizations or other structures. The relationship to the people is basically through television. And under the conditions of the crisis, that can no longer work."
In other words, if people feel their government is not heeding their complaints, they may think their only option is to take to the streets.
One social scientist, Yevgeny Gontmakher, created a bit of a sensation in political circles late last year when he explored this theme in an article in a newspaper, Vedomosti, that he titled, "Scenario: Novocherkassk - 2009."
He described how unrest could occur in industrial cities that depend on a single factory, if the factory closes. (Novocherkassk is such a city; in Soviet times, food shortages set off riots there that the Soviets brutally suppressed.) In the scenario, the local authorities beholden to Moscow freeze up or panic in the face of spontaneous protests, and the situation quickly deteriorates.
"The vertical system of power is not flexible," Gontmakher said in an interview. "These bureaucrats, they wait for a reaction from Moscow, even in small situations, before making decisions. This is a big threat. It is very dangerous for Putin."
The government's response to the article hinted at how the authorities remain unsure whether to address the country's financial troubles with a thaw or a crackdown. At first, Kremlin officials thanked Gontmakher. Then, federal media regulators warned Vedomosti that the article might be "an attempt to incite extremist activities."
Putin may have also put himself in a political bind by establishing his tandem leadership with Medvedev. (Barred from running for a third consecutive presidential term, Putin anointed Medvedev as his successor and had Medvedev appoint him prime minister.)
Putin is still considered Russia's paramount leader, but by taking the title of prime minister, he may have deprived himself of a fall-guy-in-waiting. That role traditionally has gone to Russia's prime ministers; Yeltsin repeatedly dismissed his during the 1998 default.
So far, Putin has instead made a scapegoat of the United States, saying it was at the heart of Russia's crisis, rather than Moscow's over-reliance on the export of natural resources.

在人民幣匯率上做文章是錯誤的

美國可能最好的策略是與中國著重就知識產權保護和允許各種創見更自由地流動進行談判,以更好地發揮它的比較優勢,而不是基於對人民幣匯率的錯誤評估而發動一場貿易戰

Calla Wiemer, 美國加州大學洛杉磯分校中國研究中心訪問學者,華爾街日報

中國本已遭到美國卸任財長鮑爾森(Henry Paulson)的指責,稱中國是導致全球金融危機的原因之一,而他剛上任的繼任者蓋特納(Timothy Geithner)更是火上澆油。在最近提交給參議院的書面證詞中,蓋特納使用了“匯率操縱國”這個可怕的標籤,表示中國有意地低估了人民幣。這可是個份量不輕的標籤,布希政府幾年來都設法避免使用這個詞。根據國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)憲章的規定,匯率操縱是被禁止的,可以當作實施報復性貿易制裁的理由。
把注意力放在匯率上是錯誤的。用不著指控人民幣匯率低估,也可以將全球收支失衡和金融危機的來龍去脈解釋清楚。同樣,全球經濟要擺脫危機,走上更加平衡的發展道路,實現這個目標也不取決於人民幣匯率。政策重心應該放在刺激中國消費上。在危機到來之前,刺激消費的需要已經浮現,只不過現在的危機把這一需要放大了。
從2001年到2007年,中國和美國實行的宏觀經濟政策都成功地實現了低通脹下的高增長。要瞭解中國經濟政策到底有多成功,只需按照國際慣例計算一下中國的實際增長率,即用名義增長率減去通貨膨脹率就可以看出來。這樣計算的結果顯示,中國前一輪的經濟放緩在2000年觸底回升,當年的經濟增長率只有2.3%,但此後迅速實現了兩位數增長,而且這一速度保持了7年。雖然早在上世紀90年代末,中國通過國企精簡、住房私有化和允許勞動力自由流動,為經濟的持續發展打下了基礎,但2001年才是中國經濟高速發展至關重要的一年,因為中國在這一年加入了世界貿易組織。
像其他發展中國家在經濟起飛階段經歷的情況一樣,中國的高速增長也帶來了國民儲蓄率的上升。但中國尤為與眾不同的是,在2000年儲蓄率開始增長之初,中國的儲蓄率就已經處在38%的高位。此後儲蓄率飛速攀升,到2007年高達51%。在解釋中國高儲蓄率時,有一系列因素經常被提到:人們需要自己為退休做準備;需要自己為生病、工傷或者失業做防範;需要支付子女的教育費用;由於沒有專門的信貸市場,需要自己為購買大宗消費品或者自主創業積累資本。不過,儘管這些因素能夠解釋高儲蓄率,它們無法透徹地解釋,為什麼在生活變得更加穩定,金融系統功能更加豐富的時期,儲蓄率仍然大幅飆升。
儲蓄率上升可以用一個關於儲蓄的標準經濟理論來解釋,這就是弗蘭科•莫迪加里亞尼(Franco Modigliani)的生命週期假說。這個假設認為,人們把現在的收入分配到一生各個階段來消費。這意味著,首先,任何超乎尋常增加的收入都會被人們存起來以備將來之需,導致現階段的儲蓄高於正常比例。由於只有處於工作年齡段的人可以從收入快速增長中獲益,只有這部分人才會增加消費,而已經退休的人則按照他們以前較低的收入來安排消費。其次,這個假說暗示,勞動力人口在總人口中比例上升,會導致儲蓄率上升。在這兩個方面─非同尋常的高速增長和勞動力人口比例膨脹,中國儲蓄率上升都符合假說的預期。換句話說,中國儲蓄率上升與匯率沒有關係。
儲蓄率上升影響到中國的國際收支。國民儲蓄中沒有用於國內投資的部分被投資到了國外。要支持資本外流,出口必須要超出進口。從2000年到2004年,中國儲蓄率上升的同時,國內投資也同步增長,所以儲蓄盈餘或者說貿易順差在國內生產總值中的比重穩定在2.0%至2.5%的適中水準。2004年,中國政府擔心經濟過熱,採取措施控制投資支出,使儲蓄和投資之間的差額增大。在此後幾年中,隨著投資繼續受到控制而儲蓄繼續增長,貿易順差開始飆升。
在美國方面,資本流入開始時產生了通縮壓力。資本不僅來自中國,還來自其他各發展中國家和石油出口國。對美國資產的需求上升使美元面臨升值壓力,美國商品的競爭力下降。如果沒有採取控制措施,美國經濟可能已出現動盪。但格林斯潘主持下的美聯儲實行的擴張性貨幣政策預防了這種情況,其措施就是在相當長時期內保持低利率。創新的金融工具引發了信貸擴張,加強了流動性,也為美國經濟助了一臂之力。這兩者結合起來促進了財富積累,從而刺激了美國的消費需求,使經濟保持增長。
由於上述原因,美國和中國經濟在很長一段時期實現了高增長、低通脹。美國通過低利率政策和金融創新使這個趨勢得以持續,而在中國,趨勢的延續得益於匯率穩定和經濟體系的不斷改革。
中國干預外匯市場,實行資本控制和利率管制,這些政策其實與絕大多數新興市場經濟體沒有什麼不同。要實現匯率和金融市場完全自由化,需要非常先進複雜的經濟制度;即使有了這樣的經濟制度,也不能保證不會發生危機。在新興市場中,匯率是一個重要的宏觀經濟杠杆,經濟過熱的時候可以通過貨幣升值加以控制,經濟疲軟的時候通過貨幣貶值來刺激增長。事實證明,中國自2005年開始推行的人民幣漸進升值策略是有效的,在經濟高速增長的同時使通貨膨脹受到控制。
不過,中國的經濟增長過分依賴出口,對國內消費的依存度不夠。這是一個事關經濟能否持續增長的長期問題。解決之道在於將財政支出用於消費,尤其是用於中國投入明顯不足的醫療保健和教育。鑒於現在外部需求疲軟不振,可以在國內實行強力刺激政策,而不會出現由於面臨經濟過熱危險而可能需要通過貨幣升值來應對的情況。所以匯率可以維持在現有水準。如果中國的財政刺激政策能夠成功地將消費在國內生產總值中的比重恢復到2003年的水準,同時使投資比重保持在2004-2007年的水準,則中國的貿易順差將會消失。
在蓋特納的書面證詞中,值得肯定的是,他強調了中國刺激消費的重要性。今後,他最好繼續堅持這個觀點,而不要再在人民幣匯率問題上說那種話。而在中國,醫療保健與教育支出上升意味著將來對醫療設備和教育援助的需求會上升。這說明,美國可能最好的策略是與中國著重就知識產權保護和允許各種創見更自由地流動進行談判,以更好地發揮它的比較優勢,而不是基於對人民幣匯率的錯誤評估而發動一場貿易戰。

2009年2月1日星期日

與溫家寶面對面

英國《金融時報》萊昂內爾·巴貝爾(Lionel Barber)、傑夫·代爾(Geoff Dyer)、金奇(James Kynge)和張力奮(Zhang Lifen),譯者管婧、楊珍麗









(Andrew Winning/Reuters)


中國總理溫家寶2月1日在倫敦接受英國金融時報獨家專訪, 就國際金融危機、中國如何應對經濟衰退以及維持經濟增長與社會穩定回答提問。他說:“你可以隨便問。我給你講的一定是真話。” 參與此次採訪的有:FT總編輯里昂內爾•巴伯(Lionel Barber)、 FT 北京分社社長傑夫•代爾 (Geoff Dyer)、FT 中國投資參考總編輯金奇(James Kynge),FT 中文網總編輯張力奮。以下是專訪的全文記錄。

巴伯:溫總理,非常高興能夠採訪您。本周你也訪問了達沃斯。在達沃斯,人人都在談論如何重樹信心的問題。有人也談到要恢復信心,需要解決銀行業的問題。中國面對目前的金融危機可以採取哪些措施以恢復信心?
溫家寶:我這次出席達沃斯論壇和訪問歐洲,可以說一次信心之旅。我帶來了中國應對金融危機的信心,也帶來了同歐洲加強合作,推進戰略夥伴關係的信心。帶來了世界攜手共進,共渡時艱的信心。我對中國經濟應對危機的信心是建立在科學態度和求實精神之上的。主要表現是,信心的來源在於我們對形勢的正確判斷。來源於改革開放30年,形成的強有力的物質基礎和良好的體制。來源於中國有一個穩健的金融市場體系,來源於中國有廣闊的市場潛力和迴旋餘地,最重要的是來源於政府堅決果斷的決策,決策的力度和決策的速度。
巴伯:現在中國政府出臺的經濟刺激方案規模是否足夠大?是否需要採取進一步的措施?
溫家寶:
應對金融危機必須有足夠的規模刺激經濟增長。但是這個措施應該是完整的、全面的,標本兼治,遠近結合。我可以把我們一攬子計畫概括為五個方面。第一,擴大內需,大規模增加財政投入;第二,調整和振興產業;第三,大力推進技術改造;第四,建立比較完善的社會保障體系;第五,保持金融的穩健以支撐經濟。需要我說一下數位嗎?
巴伯:你可以舉一兩個證明你的觀點。
溫家寶:
我們將在兩年內投入四萬億元人民幣擴大內需,特別是消費需求。我們將投入六千億元來推進科技創新。我們將投入八千五百億元,來推進醫藥衛生體制改革。金融危機還沒有見底,我們將密切關注形勢的變化,及時果斷出臺新的措施,使所有這些措施的效果產生在經濟衰退之前。這樣做事半功倍,否則將事倍功半。
巴伯:許多亞洲的經濟學家看到中國GDP第四季度大幅下滑,好像是摔下懸崖一樣。您是如何評價的?
溫家寶:
中國去年全年GDP增長9%,去年第四季度增速大幅下滑,增長6.8%。由於金融危機的影響,外需減少,企業經營困難,部分行業產能過剩,經濟下行壓力加大,失業人數增加。我們的確面臨極大的困難。你會問我,在這種情況下,為什麼你還有信心?
巴伯:溫總理,你猜到我腦子裏在想什麼了。的確,我在思考為什麼您這麼有信心,認為中國經濟如何奇跡般地在2009年實現8%的增長目標?
溫家寶:
是8%左右。
巴伯:您如何使那些統計專家相信中國能實現8%的經濟增長目標?
溫家寶:
取決於四個因素。第一,你所採取的這些政策措施一定是正確的、管用的。我們所有的這些措施都旨在刺激實體經濟,刺激最終消費。這次金融危機對中國經濟的影響也主要在實體經濟。第二,出手要快。中央財政去年十二月份一千億元的投資從項目到資金已經完全到位。春節以前第二批一千三百億元的投資從項目到資金也已經完全到位。第三,出拳要重。特殊時期必須採取特殊手段,不拘常規。決策的速度和執行的力度決定成功和失敗。第四,工作要實。我們在去年年底到今年年初很快實行了家電下鄉,農機下鄉,汽車下鄉。今年一月一號開始,實行增值稅轉型,減輕企業負擔1200億。這些措施都到位了。
巴伯:我認為在這個方面的消費需求是相當重要的,有這樣一種觀點,說消費者需求是具有愛國主義色彩的,對此您贊同嗎?
溫家寶:
我們不簡單提這個口號。但是我們認為促進經濟發展還要靠最終消費。
巴伯:但這個口號還是很吸引人的。
溫家寶:
群眾是否消費,消費多少,不在口號,而在他手裏有沒有錢,在於市場有沒有適銷對路的產品。在這方面,我們做了幾件事情。今年年初,我們給7400萬低收入者發放了一次性補貼,每人100到150元。我們連續第四年提高企業退休職工的退休金,增長10%,每人110元。我們提高了最低生活保障水準,給低保和撫恤人員增加補貼。我們還做了一件事情,就是對1200萬教師實行績效工資制度,使義務教育階段的教師工資與公務員的工資達到同一個水準。群眾有錢了,就可以消費了。我給你講一個故事,就是我們從元月20日開始到12月31日為止,對購置1.6L以下的汽車實行購置稅減半的政策,第一天汽車銷售暴滿,連庫存都賣光。
巴伯:待會兒我還想問溫總理幾個關於這次國際金融危機的國際層面的幾個問題。但在這之前,我想再問一個有關國際金融危機對於中國農村的影響。你原來曾經說過,您到過認為2000多個縣,那麼我想問的是現在農村出現失業人數增多以及農民工返鄉的現象,您認為會不會影響社會穩定?中國政府將採用什麼具體的措施來應對這方面的挑戰?另外一個問題是有人說中國政府可能用8000億來給中國農業銀行注資,我想問一下是不是有這樣一個決定。
溫家寶:
當我擔任副總理的時候就分管農村工作,我當總理以後一直把農村工作放在全部工作重中之重的地位。西方的一些人很難理解。這次金融危機,由於部分企業的裁員,大約1200萬農民工返鄉。會不會造成社會不穩定?其實在這裏我要給你講一講,中國農民工進城務工總計兩億人,跨省流動的一億兩千萬,由於金融危機回鄉的到目前為止是1200萬。由於農民工是流動的,也就是說,城市有活幹的時候他就進城,城裏沒有活幹的時候他就返鄉。鄉里絕大多數還保留他的土地。土地是農民最大的社會保障。我們應該感謝農民工,他們為現代化建設做出了貢獻。在金融風波當中,他們又成了勞動力一個大的蓄水池。中國農業銀行是我們五大銀行最後一家進行股份制改革的銀行。應該在這裏說明一個情況。正是由於中國在十年前就開始了銀行的改革,包括剝離不良資產,建立現代企業制度,實行股份制改革,才使得中國的銀行資產規模,資產品質,利潤水準,不良貸款率和資金流動性都保持比較好的水準。農業銀行改革我們要把握好四點。第一,堅持為農服務的方針。第二,繼續剝離不良資產。第三,政府予以注資,充實資本。第四,實行公司治理結構改革。
我們農行最後決定注資大約是300億美元,相當於2000多億人民幣。
巴伯:謝謝。剛才您談到,中國為刺激經濟增長所出臺的大型一攬子計畫,我想國際社會,特別是美國,也期待中國採取更多的措施,上周針對人民幣匯率問題中國面臨著巨大的壓力,比如美國新任財長說中國在操縱人民幣匯率,你決定將採取怎樣的措施來說服美國採取更照顧中國關切的態度,您對中國操縱人民幣匯率的說法有何態度?
溫家寶:說中國操縱人民幣匯率是毫無根據的。我們從2005年下半年開始實行人民幣匯率形成機制改革。三年多來,人民幣匯率對美元有效升值21%,對歐元升值12%。我們實行的是以市場供求為基礎,參照一籃子貨幣,有管理的浮動匯率制度,這種制度符合中國現實、國情和需要。
我想講一個觀點,就是保持人民幣在合理均衡的水準上基本穩定,不僅有利於中國,而且有利於世界經濟,也有利於當前世界克服金融危機。許多人沒有意識到,如果人民幣匯率大起大落,將是一場災難。
巴伯:溫總理,根據您剛才回答的,是不是可以這樣理解,您還是認為,中國政府應該堅持10年前所作的決定,即排除人民幣貶值的可能性。
溫家寶:
我剛才已經說的非常清楚,我們實行的有管理的浮動匯率制度,在合理均衡的水準上保持人民幣匯率基本穩定。
巴伯:溫總理,現在我們知道,國際金融危機至少源於美國,美國有很多風險管理和監管領域的錯誤,但是也有人說,這場金融危機一部分的原因也是由於世界經濟失衡,比如他們指出,中國有2萬億的外匯儲備,對持這種觀點的人,您有什麼回應?
溫家寶:
我認為這種觀點是荒謬的。這次金融危機始作俑者是某些經濟體自身經濟的嚴重失衡,主要是長期的雙赤字,靠借債保持的高消費。對一些金融機構,長期失去有效監管,使他們利用高杠杆率來獲取巨額利潤,一旦泡沫破滅,災難就留給了世界。一個有13億人口的發展中大國,目前人均GDP水準只相當於英國的1/16。我們急需資金進行建設,改善民生。那些靠舉債而過度消費的人反過來責難借給他錢的人,這不是顛倒是非嗎?中國有句話,叫豬八戒倒打一耙。我在達沃斯談到這個觀點的時候,大家是贊同的。
巴伯:溫總理,我想恐怕中國還需要繼續購買美國國債吧?
溫家寶:
這件事確實很敏感,我們畢竟有巨額的外匯儲備,這些外匯儲備是需要加以經營的,購買外國國債是一種方式。但是是否繼續買,買多少,將根據中國的需要,並且按照外匯安全、保值的要求來決策。我們希望美國經濟好轉。我們也認為,當前穩定國際金融市場,對應對經濟危機,提升市場信心,使國際經濟儘早復蘇是有利的。
巴伯:有人提出這樣一種呼籲,希望中國在外匯儲備中拿出一部分錢流轉到國際貨幣基金組織,以換取在國際貨幣基金組織中更大的投票權,作為應對金融危機的辦法,中國對於這種說法有何態度?
溫家寶:
我們主張,首先要改革國際金融機構,包括國際貨幣基金組織。要增加發展中國家的份額,代表性和話語權。同時也要加強對國際金融機構貸款的監管,資金使用的監管。
巴伯:我問您這個問題是因為三十年以來,很多人說只有資本主義才能救中國,可是現在他們恐怕要轉變觀點。很多人說只有中國才能拯救資本主義。
溫家寶:我不這麼看。我頭腦是清醒的。因為我們是一個有十三億人口的發展中國家。我們面臨的任務是十分繁重的。我們要走的路還十分漫長。如果你到中國東部的城市,和倫敦差不多。但是你到中國的西部地區和農村,差距就很大。我堅定地認為,把中國的事情辦好,就是對人類最大的貢獻。我們堅持“三要”,就是要標本兼治,不要頭疼醫頭,腳疼醫腳;要加強合作,不要以鄰為壑;要把自己的事情辦好,不要把麻煩推給別人。
巴伯:那對美國而言,美國總統奧巴馬是不是在這個問題上給過一些保證呢?
溫家寶:
從競選演說到執政很短的一段時間,我們看到美國新政府的表態。我們希望儘快同美國政府進行接觸。因為保持中美兩國之間的這種合作關係有利於整個世界的穩定、和平與繁榮。
巴伯:在這個問題上,我想進一步地再提一個問題。您這個回答是不是可以這樣理解,就是到目前為止,美國新政府,或者說奧巴馬總統還沒有向中國政府明確保證美國政府不會把人民幣和其他有關問題以咄咄逼人的方式加以利用來逼迫中國,或者是更願意在這些問題上照顧中國的關切?
溫家寶:
在前天奧巴馬總統與胡主席的通話中,他表明了願意與中國加強合作的態度。但是美國內部也還是有雜音。因此我希望貴報替我傳遞一個資訊,我們希望加強合作、共同應對危機。這是大局,符合兩國根本利益。
巴伯:我想呢,可能這個問題如果說存在的話,更多的是存在於美國國會中。對於美國國會您有什麼資訊?
溫家寶:
美國的自身制度我們不加以評論。但是最終起決定作用的還是美國政府的決策。他們應該用長遠的、戰略的眼光看待中國。在當前,特別應該緊緊圍繞攜起手來、共同應對金融危機、克服困難這個中心,推進中美兩國建設性的合作關係。
巴伯:我還想這裏提一個有關中國外匯儲備的問題。現在中國政府是否打算使用部分外匯儲備刺激國內經濟增長,比如說用於財政投入。
溫家寶:
外匯儲備是一個國家經濟實力的表現。我們正在研究外匯儲備如何使用。你們都是專家。外匯儲備是中央銀行用人民幣購買的,是中央銀行的負債,如果財政使用必須發行國債,購買來用。第一,我們正在探討、探索如何合理有效地運用外匯儲備來為我們的建設服務。去年,我們就發行1.5萬億國債,購買了兩千億美元的外匯,由中投公司運營,包括通過企業對外投資。第二,外匯必須用在國外,用在對外貿易和對外投資。因此我們希望用外匯來購買中國亟需的設備和技術。這是一個很專業的問題。
巴伯:現在國際社會對中國的期望越來越高了,中國也在採取進一步的措施加強研究可再生能源的投入力度。今年晚些時候將在哥本哈根召開氣候變化的國際會議。中國會不會在會議上簽署有關氣候變化的條約?
溫家寶:
我前天在布魯塞爾同巴羅佐主席專門就這個問題進行了深入的交談。中國的觀點主要有三:第一,中國支持哥本哈根會議,支持應對氣候變化所採取的各項積極措施,支持發展綠色經濟,而且認為發展綠色經濟很可能是應對金融危機的一個新的經濟增長點。第二,在應對氣候變化上,中國是高度重視的,成立了以我為組長的國家領導小組,並且制定了第一份應對氣候變化的國家方案,據我知道,這也是發展中國家的第一份國家方案。我們在十一五規劃中已經制定節能減排的約束性目標。也就是每年單位GDP的能耗要降低百分之四,五年降低百分之二十。前兩年我們沒有完成任務。2008年我們完成了。我們還將繼續把這種做法長期堅持下去。這也可以看作是中國自我限制的一種辦法。第三,中國難以在哥本哈根會議上承諾量化目標,因為中國還處在發展中。歐洲已經有幾百年工業化的歷史。我們才有幾十年。我們有十三億人口,但人均溫室氣體排放量比發達國家低得多,累計排放更低。但是我們仍然抱著積極的態度加強同歐盟的合作,特別是在節能減排、低碳經濟、環保技術上。
巴伯:溫總理,在採訪之前,有人告訴我,要問和政治有關的問題,得特別小心。
溫家寶:
可以隨便問。
巴伯:有人說問這個問題得特別小心,因為用中國人的話來說,如果不小心就會被戴帽子、穿小鞋。談到中國未來政治體制的發展,您認為能不能在十年內實現中國全國人民代表大會代表的直選?
溫家寶:
其實經濟和政治是不可分的,我還是想從經濟的角度來回答這個問題。我們正在進行的是經濟體制改革和政治體制改革。這兩個方面都是重要的。沒有政治體制改革的成功,也不能保證經濟體制改革的成功。政治體制改革的目標就是要建設社會主義的民主政治,保障人民民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監督的權力。我們要建立的社會應該是一個公平正義的社會,是一個讓每一個人在自由和平等的條件下得到全面發展的社會。這就是我為什麼很喜歡閱讀亞當·斯密的《道德情操論》的原因。亞當·斯密寫《國富論》是1776年,同時他也寫了《道德情操論》。在《道德情操論》裏有一段非常精彩的論述,他說,如果一個社會的經濟發展成果不能真正分流到大眾手中,那麼它在道義上將是不得人心的,而且是有風險的,因為它註定要威脅社會穩定。我一直認為,公平正義是我們社會主義制度的首要價值。在西方人看來,中國人好像怕民主、怕選舉,其實不然。
我今年在記者招待會上曾經講過,只有人民信任你,人民才能讓你坐在臺上。我們現在實行的是村級的直接選舉,鄉、縣和不設區的市人民代表的直接選舉。縣以上實行的是間接選舉。但是我堅信,群眾能管好一個村,就一定能夠管好一個鄉,一個縣,也就能夠管好一個省。但要按中國的實際情況,發展具有自己特色的民主方式,循序漸進。
巴伯:所以就可以進一步拓展民主,提高民主的水準,讓人民可以發表不同的看法。
溫家寶:
是的,一個政府不應該怕人民,應該創造機會讓人民監督和批評政府。
巴伯:我想,您又一次知道我在想什麼,因為準備採訪時我也有自己想引用的亞當斯密應對金融危機的話。其實這句話也是來自您最喜歡的《道德情操論》。
溫家寶:
這本書很長一段時間不引人注意,我覺得他的意義不亞于《國富論》。他只有兩次在《國富論》和《道德情操論》裏提到看不見的手,一隻看不見的手是市場,一隻看不見的手是道德。
巴伯:我可能早都已經記得非常清楚了。不管一個人,有多麼的自私但很明顯在一個人的本性中總是有一些原則,這些原則讓他對其他人的福祉產生興趣,能夠為他帶來幸福感和快樂的感覺。 雖然他從別人的福利中並不會得到具體的好處,只不過他得到的好處就是能夠看到他人幸福。
溫家寶:
我很欣賞這句話。
巴伯:再次感謝您能接受金融時報的採訪。
溫家寶:
謝謝。